Pursuit of Ideal Body Image

Presentation In Pursuit of Ideal Body Image, the two ladies and men take extreme measures to accomplish the ideal self-perception. In a general public fixated on weight reduction or gain and physical magnificence, individuals utilize different instruments, for example, the utilization of steroids, diets and medical procedure, among different systems, to achieve attractiveness.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Pursuit of Ideal Body Image explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More In tending to the self-perception issue, Hesse-Biber, Petrocelli et al, have done escalated research by acquiring individual declarations on the rousing elements as why individuals use diets or steroids to get an ideal self-perception they so long for. The trio, through their exploration, has examined this issue by grasping the social, monetary and social components, with respect to why most people resort to different techniques to accomplish a perfect self-perception. In the bo ok, The Spread of the Cult of Thinness by Sharlene Hesse-Biber, the writer utilizes the representation of a clique to delineate how ladies venerate their physical pictures. The interest on ladies to perform body custom and penances to accomplish ultra-slim standards is introduced. Anabolic steroids were first recognized during the 1930s. The American College of Sports Medicine recognizes that they work for specific people. In spite of the fact that they are utilized remedially in medication to animate bone development and craving, over the top use represents a wellbeing hazard. In the book Getting Huge, Getting Ripped: A subjective Exploration of Recreational Steroid Use, Petrocelli et al considers the steroid use by weight lifters (Petrocelli et al). He outlines their own bits of knowledge on the reasons they utilize these substances, regardless of their insight on the unfriendly impacts steroids. Then again, competitors are feeling the squeeze to perform, and make a brand that eff ectively allows supports, pay augmentation and potential to increase a preferred position over contenders. Subsequently, they have held onto steroid as an easy route of accomplishing their objectives. How far people will go in quest for a perfect self-perception People go to boundaries in quest for physical appeal. An individual is self-discerning of their own physical appearance subsequently, impacting wellbeing decisions they make. Ordinarily, corresponding to some social beliefs, some will in general instill the thought that magnificence is ‘thinness’. As per, Hesse-Biber, the inquiry ‘Am I meager enough yet?’ offers some provocative bits of knowledge (3). Hesse-Biber features how these social tendencies keep on dissolving self-assurance of ladies as they intend to accomplish the American standard of physical flawlessness (8). For instance, in the delineation, we meet Delia and Lauren, two ladies so engrossed with their physical picture that they are eag er to go phenomenal lengths to the point of starving themselves (Hesse-Biber, 22).Advertising Looking for paper on manner of speaking? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Delia and Lauren setting speaks to a bigger level of ladies with comparative fixation in our cutting edge age. These fixations have prompted significant outcomes as the utilization of steroids prompts experiencing anorexia and bulimia. Besides, the fixation on the physical body has not exclusively been an act of more seasoned ladies. Frequencies of young ladies at a youthful age have additional time joined the pattern. Lauren, who is under ten years, delineates this obviously. She encounters pressure from her companions in her moving class to show up with a particular goal in mind. Thus, a steroid offers her the arrangement. On the other hand, Janet, constrained to get more fit, experiences a medical procedure that unfortunately leaves her with an interminable disease (Hesse-Biber, 101). Ladies over all age bunches have been constrained to conflict with their; mental, practical and social weights, to create dietary problems that are reckless, as outlined by Lauren and Janet (Hesse-Biber, 101). There is an aggregate judgment in our current culture of the perfect self-perception. Magnificence can't be evaluated or dispassionately estimated, and by definition, it is a perfect for the individuals who take a stab at it. On the off chance that they can bear to accomplish the magnificence gauges of a particular culture, those qualities must be continued. Lamentably, these gauges have been made difficult to accomplish, prompting the mistake and the fixation on a perfect self-perception. Excellence is an essential for both gentility and manliness. Therefore, more people the same, today take steroids. As indicated by Petrocelli et al, anabolic steroids utilized by muscle heads, give exhaustive experiences into its temperament, example of utilizati on and medical problems. At first, the inspiration for physical allure was only for magnificence purposes in any case, as of now social versatility, media, peer impact and athletes’ marking are basic elements adding to their expanded use. Is this a cutting edge issue? People’s frailties about their picture have consistently been there. As of late, these fixations have been on the expansion. The estimation of magnificence gauges changes after some time. Directly, research, media inclusion and the web have added to the mindfulness levels by the general population on body builders’ utilization of steroids. So also, the media, monetary, social and friend pressures have had an effect on abstaining from excessive food intake and unforeseen weakness decisions. With an end goal to achieve a set standard on self-perception this has come about to extraordinary slimming down and sedate use. In spite of the fact that the effect of outrageous counting calories and utilizatio n of steroids gives off an impression of being an advanced issue, it is contended to be an issue that goes back to hundreds of years prior. As unique kinds of symbolism of magnificence shift, an individual’s body is probably going to differ too.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Pursuit of Ideal Body Image explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The quest for physical flawlessness started hundreds of years back, yet as of late, the principles and inspiration have extraordinarily changed. During the sixteenth century, most European ladies grasped the girdles made of toughened masterpiece to smooth their bosom and mid-region. Midsection was not saved, however they had a bit of mental or wood set on their chest trying to accomplish an ideal abdomen picture. In mid-nineteenth century, fixed bodices were again presented in North America and different pieces of Europe. In spite of their physicians’ exhortation on their expected impact to c ause aspiratory sickness and inside organ harm, numerous ladies kept on ignoring this expert counsel. Anabolic steroid use has been a pattern of competitors since the 1950’s. Be that as it may, it was not until 1980’s that the national American competitors began to authorize its illicit supplementation (Hesse-Biber, 201). The athletes’ saw their utilization as a technique to support their exhibition, capacities, pay and pull in significant supports. Consistently, our general public has become fat-phobic. This is obvious, taking a look through media; both electronic and print media. Projects that incorporate unscripted TV dramas and publicizing efforts advance the idea on the American standard of physical flawlessness. This is accomplished by drawing in watchers in progressing social preferences on self-perception. Innovation has not been saved it is possible that; it has been instrumental in the quest for perfect engaging quality. In doing as such, these instrum ents have supported the utilization of steroids and outrageous abstaining from excessive food intake that doesn't require legitimization, without essentially representing the repercussions (Petrocelli et al). How these goals spread and negative outcomes of self-perception perfect According to Hesse-Biber, poor self-perception significantly affects dietary problems. These disarranges incorporate bulimia, anorexia nervosa or pigging out in the two people (153). A negative self-perception empowers various reckless practices including exercise reliance, dietary issues or steroid misuse. Alongside the media by and large, sites add to the expanded dietary problems. They don't straightforwardly endorse measures to handle these scatters however advance the idea on the impression of the perfect self-perception, the body must be very dainty. These discernments are slanted because of intellectual bending, for instance, some anorexic individuals allude to these ideas as ‘thin inspiringâ⠂¬â„¢. Beforehand, dietary problems, diet pills and picture fixation was related generally with ladies, however as substantiated by Petrocelli et al, there has been an ongoing debate encompassing men and steroids, including significant competitors. The strain to take after the ideal models on magazines and grow very much etched male models is similarly another issue.Advertising Searching for exposition on way of talking? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More The design is to utilize them to advance games, gems, fragrances or garments, without fundamentally mulling over the outcomes and long haul impacts (Petrocelli et al). Our general public has become focused on the sex intrigue of people as opposed to recognizing individuals as indicated by what one offers intellectually and mentally to society. In spite of the fact that individuals utilizing steroids have voiced worries of being gotten under their impact, they stay uncertain about halting its utilization. Positive results In tending to issues of cultural view on the picture, there are certain angles with this impact. Hesse-Biber gives new systems to help tackle medical problems looked by ladies by and large as well as, the newcomers to the â€Å"Cult of Thinness† (152). In doing so it engages ladies to adjust their point of view on what magnificence is and conquering body instability. Wellbeing decisions and viewpoints create through the span of an individual’s life. Alo ng these lines, for change to happen, it requires some investment and exertion. Individual reflection on encounters that impact perspectives on self-perception from youth peer pressure or the media may similarly demonstrate ben

Psychology Essays (256 words) - Psychology, Psychoanalysis

Brain science Karen Horney was a Freudian investigator was considering dream translation and built up a superior comprehension of dream understanding. In her procedure she fused numerous thoughts of other clinician to her own speculations which incorporated Freud's oblivious and youth. Freud had more accentuation on the on the show content while Horney concentrated on the idle substance. Karen likewise accepted that a critical perspective to investigation, the transference-countertransference wonder and hot it very well may be assessed in the fantasy. Anyway karen believed that fantasies resemble the way to the oblivious like Freud did. Horney's comprehensive way to deal with the idea of human was increasingly compelling in the development of an individual toward absolutely development. This was an intriguing reality to know on the grounds that the word development didn't show up in any of Freud's compositions and this was a pivotal part. Karen accepted that the fantasy is the most ideal method of assessing ones development. Horney accepted a fantasy comprised of numerous illustrations with basic importance. This would assist us with understanding one's inward clashes. Additionally most experts trust it is significant for the specialist quiet relationship to be solid since it will be an increasingly effective analysis. The translation of dream mirror the hypothesis, esteem framework, inspiration and information on the human character. Dissimilar to freud who felt that the fantasy had basic wishes. While Horney state dreams as a progressively all encompassing articulation of the patient's present clashes. The Dream is a composite of images or representations the show battles between dream or reality.

The Need For Safe Nurse Staffing Essay -- Nurse-to-Patient Ratios

In the previous two decades, there has been a push for fitting staff to customer proportions. Be that as it may, estimating customer needs and nursing endeavors have been around since 1922 (Lewinski-Corwin, 1922, pp. 603-606). The most punctual recorded exertion was by the New York Academy of Medicine. Directors and attendants from ten preparing schools archived the time spent giving bedside care. From consented data, the specialists uncovered every customer required a normal of five hours and four minutes of care in a 24-hour time frame. From these perceptions, they assessed shortages on help in New York City. Around then, none of the clinics were adequately staffed (Lewinski-Corwin, 1922, pp. 603-606). Still today, nurture staffing is a vital wellbeing strategy issue. Since the 1980s, the nursing calling has taken on more noticeable quality in America with a huge spotlight on look into examines. Truth be told, U.S. Open Law 99-158, Health Research Extension Act of 1985, approved the National Center for Nursing Research (NCNR) at National Institutes of Health (NIH) (Health Research Extension Act of 1985, 1985). With U.S. Open Law 103-43, NIH Revitalization Act of 1993, the NCNR was officially changed to the National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR) (NIH Revitalization Act of 1993, 1993). The NINR began developing intentional research ventures, which created a positive connection between's the quantity of staff and nature of care. In any case, the 1996 Institute of Medicine (IOM) report communicated, around then, no importance between nurture staffing and clients’ results in intense consideration emergency clinics (Institute of Medicine Staff, Davis, Sloan, and Wunderlich, 1996, p. 9). For some time, emergency clinics were cutting staff, utilizing the IOM report in 1996 as proof based rese... ...ww.nejm.org Nelson, R. (2008, March). AJN reports: California’s proportion law, after four years. American Journal of Nursing, 108(3), 25-26. Recovered from http://www.nursingcenter.com NIH Revitalization Act of 1993, 42 U.S.C. Â § 1511 (1993), http://history.nih.gov. Nursetraveler. (1999). The first bill that set up staffing proportions! Recovered September 10, 2011, from http://nursetraveler.org Enlisted Nurse Safe Staffing Act of 2003, S. 991, 108th Cong. (2003), http://thomas.loc.gov. Sovie, M. D., and Jawad, A. F. (2001, December). Clinic rebuilding and its effect on results. nursing staff guidelines are untimely. Diary of Nursing Administration, 31(12), 588-600. Recovered from http://journals.lww.com Tone, B. (n.d.). California nurture to-tolerant proportion still unsure, remark period ahead. Recovered September 10, 2011, from http://www.nursezone.com

The Great Awakening essays

The Great Awakening expositions The Great Awakening began as a scrutinizing of religion and authority of government. This prompted resilience of new convictions. The Great arousing made a feeling of shared American personality that influenced the individuals who experienced it all over the states. Individuals assembled regardless of were they were from or whom they were. It additionally prompted religion for dark slaves and Indians due to teachers. There were numerous circumstances and end results of the extraordinary arousing. One reason was the low participation at houses of worship. Individuals thought what is the need to go to chapel in the event that we can win or route to a higher spot ourselves? After individuals tested the congregation the idea why cant we question the administration? The legislature was compromised by this since they realized the individuals could and would. It had numerous impacts like the development in measure of houses of worship. The houses of worship were serious to get individuals to go to their holy places. It additionally lead to numerous new universities alluded to as the New Light. The incredible arousing had an exceptional strict restoration. There were numerous individuals who drove restorations for strict reasons. Jonathan Edwards was one of the first and afterward George Whitefield who had the greatest effect of the considerable number of evangelist. George Whitefield came the Atlantic seaboard lecturing searching for heathens who might change over. Individuals who changed over felt autonomous having the option to do what they needed uninhibitedly. Individuals who didn't change over reprimanded transformation, additionally saw the converters as a risk to set up request. The enlivening gave America a feeling of shared character. During the extraordinary arousing everybody met up because of religion and to change over. Indeed, even Indians were engaged with Americans religion as a result of ministers. All individuals regardless of what race, sat in a similar church tuning in to individuals like George Whitefield. The enlivening was a major advance since it got all individuals America together. ... <!

Music and Film: Jaws (1975)

A dark dorsal balance cuts through the water. Camera-perspective on a youngster sprinkling out yonder. The blade lowers. The sound track wrenches up a score: Dum-Dum †Dum †Dum †Dum †Dum..! Air pockets, white froth, brief looks at something enormous and premonition whipping in the waves. The music increments in its power: Dum-Dum-Dum-Dum-Dum-Dum-Dum..!  A red fog of blood that mists the water. The crowd in the cinema shouts madly. A cut off appendage drifts languidly to the sea floor underneath. The music trails off. Dun-Dun-Dun-Dun-Dun-Dun.There have just been a bunch of motion pictures created which contain a soundtrack that isn't just in a split second conspicuous, however where the music likewise has such a fundamental influence in the film itself. Jaws (1975) is such a film. The film effectively took advantage of a few human feelings of dread of the obscure and made an interpretation of these fears into an exceptionally engaging movie that doesn’t spe ak condescendingly to its crowd, nor utilizes savagery needlessly to get its point across.Commented Director Steven Spielberg:â€Å"†¦I think one about the reasons I made â€Å"Jaws† was on the grounds that I feared the water before I read the Peter Benchley book, and subsequently I was the ideal contender to coordinate this image, since I have a gigantic measure of uneasiness about the ocean. Less about pools or little lakes, yet positively about the endless sea.I have a great deal of nervousness, and my primary uneasiness comes from not having the option to see my feet when I’m stepping water. Furthermore, what’s down there with me, and who’s snacking on my toes. Furthermore, I realize how to communicate my dread artistically. I’ve consistently been acceptable at that, and I thought when â€Å"Jaws† tagged along, well, I  already have an enormous dread of the sea, and absolutely a dread of sharks, thus I went to [producers] Dick Za nuck and David Brown and chipped in myself to coordinate the adjustment from the Benchley book†¦Ã¢â‚¬   (Excerpts from Steven Spielberg Interview)Composer John Williams †while no outsider to sound tracks for TV and film (he’d effectively won an Oscar as music maker in 1971 for Fiddler on the Roof) †was simply starting to find his sweet spot on a melodic odyssey that would see his film soundtracks break the Billboard music graphs and sells millions. Practically unfathomable for instrumental arrangements, let alone for film soundtracks.Williams saw something one of a kind in the Spielberg unpleasant cut. He saw the film as moreâ of an undertaking and less as a customary blood and gore movie. Reviewed Williams in a conversationâ with film maker Laurent Bouzereau:  â€Å"†¦This resembles a privateer film! I think we needâ pirate music for this, on the grounds that there’s something basic about it †however it’s likewise fun andâ e ntertaining†¦Ã¢â‚¬  ( Lindahl, pg1 )As the legend goes, Williams was reviewing proposed music for the film on his piano, playing the fundamental structure for Spielberg and Bousereau and working out the now popular bars of looming fate on his piano keys. Spielberg thought Williams was joking. â€Å"dum, dum, dum-dum, dum-dum, dum-dum†  The rest as it's been said, is history:At first I started to chuckle, and I thought, â€Å"John has an extraordinary feeling of humor!† But he wasâ â serious †that was the subject for Jaws. So heâ â played it over and over, and out of nowhere itâ seemed right. Once in a while the best thoughts areâ â the most straightforward ones and John had found aâ signature for the whole score†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢ ( Lindahl, pg 1)Let it be said that the music in Jaws is successful in light of the fact that it’s not over utilized. By playing the Jaws subject just to foretell the nearness of the shark, the music is substantiall y more successful. A few instances of this stick out. The music played in the areas of families playing at the sea shore have a practically old neighborhood flavor to them. The music when the pontoons are embarking to catch the shark have a traditional vibe and one scene specifically †of a youngster playing in the water with a phony shark balance †has no music by any stretch of the imagination. Aggregately, this differentiation in melodic styles plays to the audience’s advantage. They know quite expeditiously when they do hear the jaws subject that there’s no mixing up the way that the shark is going to make an appearance.What is it about the film Jaws and its music that separates it from such a significant number of other experience and tension movies? Strangely, before the film’s chief there wasn’t a â€Å"genre’ for this sort of film. Loathsomeness and anticipation were considered â€Å"Category B or C†.In actuality, after Jaws broke 100 million dollars during its North American Box Office the class of beast/creature/miscreant following its prey was immovably set up. Whose to state there’s not a smidgen of Jaws in each film running from Rambo to Halloween? Unquestionably there are varieties of John Williams film score in the previously mentioned film and more.Stephen Spielberg has gone on record as saying that Jaws wouldn’t have been about as fruitful on the off chance that it didn’t have the music it did. Doubtlessly put, the music works. Would some other kind of soundtrack so permanently stamp a picture on the subliminal of theâ audience? Exceptionally far fetched. The at this point well known â€Å"†¦dum, dum, dum-dum, dum-dum, dum-dum†¦Ã¢ â€Å"â makes a moment visual. Yet additionally fills in as an analogy for the shark’s fervor when it moves toward its prey or when it moves toward the vessel of Robert Shaw.Critics can say what they will with respect to Joh n Williams score for Jaws. As a â€Å"piece of music† it isn't the sort of score that takes into consideration tuning in while resting on the mentor for instance. It is music that invokes pictures. There are a few suites †if the term can be openly utilized †that feature Williams adaptability as a scorer of music and as a maker who realizes how to get his crowd by the collar.When it comes to music that makes a feeling of tension and insanity the stacked â€Å"Shark Cage Fugue† bears tuning in to more than once. Comparative treatment is expected â€Å"The Great Shark Chase† and the about five minutes in length â€Å"Man Against Beast†, where interpretations of the recognizable topic shows up and vanishes, entwined with the subject related with the real shark hunting.However, Williams’ utilization of Quint’s â€Å"sailor song† as a common topic is utilized to extraordinary impact as a vehicle to stamp the commander's inward goa ls and character. He sings it when he is feeling acceptable, or when he needs to invoke his dream: â€Å"†¦Farewell and a-do to you reasonable Spanish women, goodbye and a-do to you women in Spain†¦Ã¢â‚¬   Williams entwines this tune at urgent pieces of the film. Most outstandingly when his boat â€Å"The Orca† is flopping and prepared to sink. The shark is holding up â€Å"out there† some place and Quint is coming up short on karma. The music again †for this situation not in any case the subject †is utilized to incredible effect.On a progressively specialized note, it is difficult to examine the effect of the Jaws soundtrack on the film, without investigating how the music itself was bundled and made accessible to people in general as a promoting instrument. Andrew Drannon gives a significant point of view on the gave soundtrack for Jaws, just as a sharp track by track breakdown of the music on it’s most recent re-issue. Drannon makes re ference to that the first Jaws score exists in three accounts: The first LP and a 1992 CD re-issue highlight about 30 minutes of music that Williams reworked and re-recorded for the sole reasons for the collection, and this was for quite a while the main accessible music from the image. Drannon digs further into the music, saying:â€Å"†¦Film score gatherers have been historicallyâ â very unyielding in their requests for complete arrivals of soundtracks, in particular for the scores of John Williams, which so regularly forget about features of the music and spot them into confounding suites. To a few, this may appear to be somewhat unneeded, because of the way that the first 35-minute LP collection included an extraordinary greater part of the score, with a couple of the shorter signs really ventured into suites.Still, for the 25th commemoration of the film, Decca wanted to rescueâ the whole melodic work, less the collection extensions for a 51-minute CD discharge. Fans will be thrilled because of the consideration of just about 30 minutes of new material, including phenomenal signals not utilized in the film, which compensate for the loss of the notorious unique collection developments†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Andrew Drannon pg 1)The last re-issue presents the jaws soundtrack into an increasingly firm listening experience.Years after the film made its presentation in theaters, after incalculable showings on TV, after a Jaws Fest even, the music ha become a foundation. There have been just a bunch of movies where the music has a lot of such an effect: the James Bond establishment, Enrico Morricone with â€Å"The Good, The Bad and The Ugly, and potentially the Indiana Jones arrangement. In any case, none make the blood twist, make a bunch in one’s stomach and send a chill up the spine like John Williams soundtrack for the first summer blockbuster, Jaws.References:Spielberg, Steven. Meeting passages, Jaws 30th Anniversary Special EditionDVD direct note s, 2005Lindahl, Andreas. Scoreviews.Com. Web article. pg 1 1998Ibid. pg 1Drannon, Andrew. Decca Music Group Sound Tracks Review: Jaws 25th Anniversary Edition. Web article. pg 1. 2000

A Critical Review Of The History Of Phan Boi Chau - 825 Words

A Critical Review Of The History Of Phan Boi Chau (Term Paper Sample) Content: Phan Boi ChauName;Institutional Affiliation:Professor:Course:DateIntroductionThe material, Overturned Chariot  gives an autobiography of Phan Boi Chau who according to the material turned out to be the leader of a movement known as Vietnamese Independence. Phan Boi Chau is depicted in the material as the initiator of the movement that took place in the first quarter of the 20th century and is also determined as the link between those who prompted the struggle against the French regime in Vietnam, the older generation, and the younger generation who continued with the struggle. In his autobiography, Phan composes an account his life while under a house arrest by the French dictators. His account was rather developed in Chinese but is translated by Viny Nicholas who give Phans story a different perspective. This paper therefore seeks to carry out an analysis of this source with the aim of developing an understanding of the different interpretive elements of histori cal research and experiences.[. Dutton, George. "Threatening Histories." Critical Asian Studies 45, no. 3 (September 2013): 365-392] Identity of the DocumentIt is essential to determine that Phans work or literature is an autobiography in which he writes is account to share on his experiences under the French authorities. It is therefore essential to determine that this literature originated from the Chinese excerpt and was latter translated into English with the sole author of this piece ascribed as Phan Boi Chau himself. According to this source, it is significant to also determine that this literature was authored by Chan in 1907 after a period of three years in which he led an anti-colonial movement in Vietnam.[. Ibid. 1] According to the nature of this document, it is essential to note that the material was developed for the Vietnamese who were ready to stand up to fight for their country. This clearly gives the impression that this document was authored with the sole aim of in creasing the awareness and support of the Vietnamese to seek for their independence from the French regime. The author of this material therefore directed this literature to the Vietnamese people irrespective of their age, genders, or ethnicity.[. Freeman, Nick. 2001. "Overturned Chariot: The Autobiography of Phan Boi Chau (Book Review)." SOJOURN: Journal of Social Issues In Southeast Asia 16, no. 2: 348-350] Examining the Document;Phan Boi Chau in his literature voices out his concern by calling the people of Vietnam to unite for their efforts with the primary aim of becoming free and independent from the French dictators. In this entire account of the literature, Phan emphasizes the manner in which life would have been better for both the country and its citizens when they achieved their goal of modernization. Phan therefore provides details of the elements that the people of Vietnam need to consider seizing their power and developing principles that would in turn make Vietnam a powerful nation.[. Ibid. 2] Phan Boi in his article also gives details not only about the journey to a modernized Vietnam but also outlines the approaches the country needs to take in the future that would enable the Vietnamese to become independent and successful. Phans message was developed in this manner considering the fact that the French regime was so rigid and had all the control on the Vietnamese, a factor that made it impossible for this nation to modernize under the French government. Phan explains that there were reasons as to why Vietnam needed to be independent. He alleges that education was one of the rights that these people were denied.The French government did not allow the Vietnamese to attend school. This therefore prompted Phan to send out people back to Vietnam with the aim of carrying out militant duties.[. Kelley, Liam C. 2010. "Phan Chu Trinh and His Political Writings. Studies on Southeast Asia, No. 49." Pacific Affairs 83, no. 3: 637-639] [. Ibid. 3] Additi onally, it is essential to note that in this account, Phan attempts to give an impression of how life was difficult and even getting basic amenities a problem. Getting aid from any government became another challenge especially when they needed support in developing the Vietnam Restoration League that would fight for the independence of this country. Other nations however believed that what was important for Vietnam was education since people without education would not succeed at insurrection. These were the elements that prompted Phan to make a difference in Vietnam. In determining the date of this material, it is essential to consider the fact that this was authored before Vietnam achieved its independence around 1907 after a period of three years in which he led an anti-colonial movement in Vietnam.[. Lockhart, Bruce, Haydon Cherry, and Keith Taylor. 2014. "A History of the Vietnamese." SOJOURN: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia 29, no. 3: 738-753.] EvaluationIn my view , considering the fact that this document was first authored in Chinese but is translated by Viny Nicholas, there would be elements of biasness in the development of the document. The reliability of this document may therefore be probable since its intent and message may have been watered down. In any case this was a research paper; it would have been easy to match the views of the translations and th...

Applying Theories And Concepts To The Brand Airbnb Brand Evaluation - 1925 Words

Applying Theories And Concepts To The Brand: Airbnb Brand Evaluation (Essay Sample) Content: Airbnb Brand evaluationStudents NameCourseProfessors NameUniversityCity (State)DateExecutive SummaryThe importance of brand evaluation and brand loyalty has been long acknowledged within the marketing industry. There is no doubt, the significance of branding has grown further as many business organizations have realized the importance of differentiating their brands from what their competitors are offering. Many business marketers have made establishing the factors that are most responsible for driving their brand loyalty as the major priority in their quest to push their products to higher levels in the market and among possible consumers (Botschen, Bernhart, and Promberger, 2017, p. 286).The definition and measurement of brand evaluation and brand loyalty remain subjected to various interpretations. Some scholars view brand loyalty as a single dimension, whereas others see it as a multidimensional dimension. According to Punjaisri and Wilson (2017, pp. 91-108), bran ding is a multidimensional element with behavioral and attitudinal components. Drori (2015, pp.3-5), defined branding as a process of developing a unique and exceptional name and image for a product in the customers mind, mostly through promotion drives. Branding utilizes a constant theme which aims towards establishing a substantial and distinguished presence in the market that will appeal to, and keep hold of loyal customers.Many recent studies attempt to examine the influence of brand relationships on customer loyalty. Ottman (2017), discussions ascertain that brand connection confirms that a customer is usually emotionally connected to a specific brand and tend to identify with it more closely every day of consuming the brand. Ottman (2017), further suggests that different customer subgroups are inclined explicitly to developing a positive relationship with the specific brand they use repeatedly. Human beings tend to form specific connection ns with their brands from their ch ildhood. Such brans associations can subsequently last throughout adulthood.Much research has focused on the nature of the consumer brand loyalty relationships. A common finding which was supported by Mody, Suess and Lehto (2017, pp.2377-2404.) is that stronger connections are likely to be formed between consumer and brands if the brand is closely related to the consumer self-concept or if the brand is seen as being of great importance to the specific group that the consumer identifies with. Groups in question can be informed of family, gender groups, and work environment. Different parallels are drawn with human relationships, and two-way communication is regarded as being integral to engagement.IntroductionAirbnb has been a leading hospitality company in America thanks to its business approach and implementation of the right strategies that spearhead its brand in the market. It has taken Airbnb Company a few years to shake up the travel industry in unimaginable ways. Airbnb is we ll known to offer a modern, flexible, and exciting substitute for hotel vacations that young people and other high-end savvy explorers cant get enough of (Tussyadiah and Sigala 2018). People travel, but its also accomplishing other feats that are just as crucial for other emerging companies in the travel industry. Airbnb company level of success has been an inspiration to the growing companies. Airbnb has managed to craft a unique and fascinating brand in the bid and essential ways which drive its vision and mission to succeed in the hospitality industry which gives the company its competitive edge.Airbnb observed that its consumers needed a different travel experience one that will position travelers as insiders in a community rather than foreigner guests (Tussyadiah, 2016, pp. 695-708). Airbnb utilized this observation to develop a sense of localism and an obligation to neighborhoods into its branding strategies. These days, young explorers finding residing in Airbnb hotels whil e on vacation as a different better experience than staying in a hotel. The experience of staying in Airbnb gives them an experience that places them closer to real communities and people in the neighborhoods. Airbnb was able to create this perception through their branding.Literature review of the theories of branding.Developing a Strong brand for Airbnb business is something important as it plays a more significant role in the success of the company. However, it is very challenging to develop a brand that is unique, strong, and favorable. Airbnb needs to build a brand that evokes consumers positive emotional feelings which will make them experience and react positively to the brands ideas, product, or services. Li and Li (2014), discusses the positive aspects of creating a brand that evokes the customers desired definite knowledge structures when it comes to their feelings, attitudes, perceptions, images, and thoughts. The biggest problem remains how to build a strong brand whic h isnt as easy as it sounds.Branding principles have been using in almost all phases of life. Brands are not only used in communication with consumers, but they are also utilized in other areas of non-commercial life such as health, education, religion, and sports. Myllys (2016), in his book the role of content marketing in company branding illustrates how product brands, which begun as mechanisms of distinguishing one tangible product from another in a congested marketplace, have advanced into a condensed figure of tremendously dominant commercial brands. He further illustrates how modern-day brand management is progressively concerned with justifying the brand portfolio and capitalizing more on the smaller numbers of powerful brands. Not surprisingly, popular brand coverage is usually done through the media where brand academic coverage is done through the promotion and branding literature (Hajli et al. 2017, pp.136-144). Both mechanisms reflect the central position assumed by the se large brands. All the same, does this mean that our general and academic interest in these brands is only applicable in large brands? Can we be able to use the different branding theories to understand more about smaller organizations and their relationships with consumers? Let take a deeper look at how we can utilize the different branding theories to understand the performance of different organizations.Brand personality.Brand personality can be defined as a set of human behaviors that can be recognized with a brand name. Its something in the brand that can be related to the consumer. Brands that have a consistent set of traits that can be connected to specific consumers usually increase their brand equity. De Chernatony (2010), views brand personality as a qualitative value that a brand possesses in addition to its functional benefits.He further describes brand personality as a system that helps a company in shaping the way customer feel and think about the product or servic e they offer. Airbnbs brand personality focuses on stimulating the customers emotional response in a specific consumer group segment, with the aim of stirring positive reactions that benefits the organization (Souide, Kassim and Hong 2016, pp.825-845).Examples of Brand PersonalitiesBrand personalities have been divided into five categories namely; sincerity, excitement, ruggedness, sophistication, and competence. Consumers will be most likely to buy a product whose brand personality matches their own. It is often possible to confuse a company's brand personality with companys imagery but companys imagery is a set of creative assets that connects the companys tangible benefits of its brand. Equally, Airbnbs brand personality directly creates an emotional relationship in the mind of the perfect customer group (Ritchie and Ritchie 2018).Airbnb successfully incorporates various its brand personalities to appeal as sincere, exciting and competent as ways of connecting with the right cust omer. This helps the company in connecting its brand equity to its brand personality which defines customer attitude towards its products and services. Furthermore, Airbnbs brand personality plays an important role in developing of successful marketing campaign. To select a perfect brand personality, companies should consider the five personality types and choose the one that best fit in their mission and vision, or a combination of several to create a unique brand.CBBE Branding ModelThe elementary principle of the CBBE model is that the power of a brand resides in the minds of its customers. The CBBE model acts as a branding ladder or building blocks to guide a firms marketing programs (Andreini Bettinelli 2017). CBBE pyramid for Airbnb begins from the base of the pyramid and work its way up, building the blocks of a strong brand for the company.Airbnb use of the CBBE modelSalience: Airbnb has high brand awareness among its customers. This awareness involves information that is m ostly used in researching about the possible market in the hospitality industry. Airbnb uses its brand awareness to define its business identity that makes sure customers are aligned and associated with its specific product class and need. Additionally, the depth of the brand awareness plays a bigger role in determining the possibility of the brand to spring to mind regarding recognition of the details identified by Airbnb customer when they hear or see it. Airbnb uses this phase to propagate their brand and make it stands out among possible consumers.Performance Imagery: when it comes to the performance of Airbnb, its among the top leading vacation offering companies. Its well known as the company that offers the best accommodation and home-made breakf...

The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald - 1672 Words

Paige Dispalatro Ms. McCauley CP English III 3 April 2017 Dreams of the Corrupted When corruption is thought of one could often think of a fat, greedy old man taking the wealth of citizens. However, that is not the only form of corruption. Many forms of corrupt individuals are prevalent throughout the novel The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald. Corruption is shown through the characters as they pursue their version of the American Dream. However, the pursuit of the American Dream does not entail happiness, for the needs of the corrupt can never be fulfilled. When one first meets Gatsby, one may think that he is a respectable and wealthy man. However, he does not have everything that he wants. Gatsby has what one would call the†¦show more content†¦Because he cannot rewind the past to make Daisy love him again, he will never be truly happy because he does not have everything in his American Dream. While he has the money and the respect from certain people, he does not have the one woman that matters to him, which is a key e lement to his definition of success. His American Dream was so unattainable that â€Å"[his] ambitions . . . [led] him into a life of crime and unsavory ‘gonnegtions’. . .† (Del Gizzo 80-81). Although he did everything for Daisy, it would never be enough for her, for Daisy wanted a man with old money, which Gatsby could never provide considering his poor upbringing that results in Daisy being unwilling to run away with him. Overall, Gatsby’s dream corrupted him; he turned to crime to try to achieve his dream, not understanding the true extent of what he’s doing for the woman of his dreams. No matter how hard he tries, Gatsby could never attain his American Dream because besides Daisy, he wants too much. From wanting too much, his dream will never become reality because his beliefs have corrupted the dream he tried so hard to attain. 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Scott Fitzgerald1343 Words   |  6 PagesHonors English 10 Shugart 18 Decemeber 2014 The Great Gatsby F. Scott Fitzgerald s 1925 novel The Great Gatsby is a tragic love story, a mystery, and a social commentary on American life. The Great Gatsby is about the lives of four wealthy characters observed by the narrator, Nick Carroway. Throughout the novel a mysterious man named Jay Gatsby throws immaculate parties every Saturday night in hope to impress his lost lover, Daisy Buchanan. Gatsby lives in a mansion on West Egg across from DaisyRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1155 Words   |  5 PagesThe Great Gatsby The Jazz Age was an era where everything and anything seemed possible. It started with the beginning of a new age with America coming out of World War I as the most powerful nation in the world (Novel reflections on, 2007). As a result, the nation soon faced a culture-shock of material prosperity during the 1920’s. 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Scott Fitzgerald2099 Words   |  9 Pagesauthor to mirror his life in his book. In his previous novels F. Scott Fitzgerald drew from his life experiences. He said that his next novel, The Great Gatsby, would be different. He said, â€Å"In my new novel I’m thrown directly on purely creative work† (F. Scott Fitzgerald). He did not realize or did not want it to appear that he was taking his own story and intertwining it within his new novel. In The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, he imitates his lifestyle through the Buchanan family to demonstrateRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1607 Words   |  7 Pages The Great Gatsby is an American novel written in 1925 by F. Scott Fitzgerald. One of the themes of the book is the American Dream. The American Dream is an idea in which Americans believe through hard work they can achieve success and prosperity in the free world. In F. 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Effects of website attributes on customer satisfaction in e-commerce - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 25 Words: 7610 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? ABSTRACT This study investigates the important attributes of online web stores in e-commerce by examining the possible website elements that determine different aspects of the association between customers satisfaction and e-commerce website attributes. A questionnaire consisting of 24 items was completed by 60 respondents. The instrument for this study was developed on the basis of SERVQUAL using a 5 point Likert scale. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Effects of website attributes on customer satisfaction in e-commerce" essay for you Create order There were five independent variables used in the study out of which two were included as a result of stepwise multiple regression model which are: websResponse (accounting for 26.3% of the total variance); and webCustomization (accounting for 5.1% of the total variance). Results of a stepwise regression indicated that two website attributes significantly predict customer satisfaction (31.4% of the combined explained variance). Within the five website attributes in E-commerce website dimension, website response correlated highly with customer satisfaction (26.3% of the explained variance). The results of the study indicate that the two website attributes of e-commerce (website response and website customization) impact the customers satisfaction and other three do not have a significant influence. The study concludes with related implications and design guidelines to enhancing customer satisfaction of e-commerce. Effects of website attributes on customer satisfaction in E-commerce SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION The Internet is no longer a niche technology it is mass media and an utterly integral part of modern life. As our lives become more fractured and cluttered, it isnt surprising that consumers turn to the unrivalled convenience of the Internet when it comes to searching and buying product. 1.1 INTROduction to E-COMMERCE The rise of the WWW gives birth to new phenomena in our daily lives, one of which is e-commerce. The internet has played a vital and important part to encourage selling products and services online which makes life convenient for the audiences, which in an inter-connected world, is well, the whole world. E-Commerce is a subset of an overall e-business strategy consists of the buying and selling of products or services over electronic systems such as the Internet. E-commerce seeks to add revenue streams using the World Wide Web or the Internet to build and enhance relationships with clients and partners and to improve efficiency. E-commerce has given rise to the concept of completely online shops selling products and services, efficiently catalogued and available for the shoppers convenience. There are several websites that stock everything from lifestyle items, collectibles, books, electronic appliances etc. The level of e-commerce use can be measured by using an e-commerce capability indicator. E-commerce capability indicator by Molla Licker: No e-commerce indicates a company without e-mail or an Internet connection. Connected e-commerce represents a company that has an Internet connection and e-mail. Informational e-commerce indicates a company using a Web site to publish basic information about the company and its products/services in a static manner. Interactive e-commerce refers to the ability of users to search the companys product catalogue, make queries, and enter orders. Transactional e-commerce allows online selling and purchasing of products or services including online payment and customer service. E-business applications can be divided into three categories. First is an internal business system in which customer relationship management (CRM), Enterprise resource planning (ERP), and Human Resource management (HRM) type of systems are involved. Second is enterprise communication and collaboration such as content management system (CMS), business process management (BPM) and web conferencing etc. Third is e-commerce that includes Business-to-business (B2B) e-commerce and Business-to-customer (B2C) e-commerce. Online shopping comes under this category on which this study is conducted. Several e-commerce service providers are available on web that provides professional customized web designing services that suit their clients needs. Some common applications related to electronic commerce are the following: Online Shopping (Web Shop) Online Banking Online Marketing CRM etc 1.1.1 Online Shopping Online shopping is the process consumers go through to purchase products or services over the services over the web. Online shopping is a type of business-to-consumer (B2C) transactions. The term web shop also refers to a place of business where web development, web hosting and other types of web related activities take place (Web refers to the World Wide Web and shop has a idiomatic meaning used to describe the place). 1.2 service quality The level of service received on a web site. Dependent on reliability, responsiveness and availability of staff and the web site service. Service quality is comprised of five dimensions. These are: Tangibles: appearance of physical facilities, equipment, personnel, and written materials (Zeithaml, Bitner Gremler, 2006). Reliability: ability to perform the promised service dependably and accurately. Assurance: employees knowledge and courtesy and their ability to inspire trust and confidence. Responsiveness: willingness to help customers and provide prompt service. Empathy: caring, individualized attention given to customers. 1.2.1 Service quality dimensions in e-commerce systems Lets examine how customers judge the five dimensions of service quality in perspective of e-commerce systems. Tangibles refer to the physical appearance of an e-commerce website, its structure, layout, theme etc and referred as website structure. Reliability represented as website adequacy which provides the relevant and needed information provided by an e-commerce system when customer clicked or requested for. Assurance termed as website security refers as the trustworthy service provider that could include a well reputable website, reliable payments methods etc. Responsiveness is the prompt and relevant response to the specific request of users described by website response. Empathy knows internal customers as individual; understanding individual needs and concerns such as by providing recommendations that matches the customers needs which is termed as website customization in world of web. 1.2.2 service quality framework (SERVQUAL) SERVQUAL was originally measured on 10 aspects of service quality: reliability, responsiveness, competence, access, courtesy, communication, credibility, security, understanding or knowing the customer and tangibles. By the early nineties the authors had refined the model to the useful acronym RATER. Reliability Assurance Tangibles Empathy, and Responsiveness SERVQUAL has its detractors and is considered overly complex, subjective and statistically unreliable. The simplified RATER model however is a simple and useful model for qualitatively exploring and assessing customers service experiences and has been used widely by service delivery organizations. 1.2.3 customer satisfaction Customer satisfaction refers to the extent to which customers are happy with the products and services provided by a business. Customer satisfaction levels can be measured using survey techniques and questionnaires. Gaining high levels of customer satisfaction is very important to a business because satisfied customers are most likely to be loyal and to make repeated orders and to use a wide range of services offered by a business. The basic definition of customer satisfaction says that Customer satisfaction is a term, is a measure of how products and services supplied by a company meet or surpass customer expectation. Customer satisfaction is an abstract concept and the actual manifestation of the state of satisfaction will vary from person to person and product/service to product or service. The level of satisfaction can also vary depending on other options the customer may have and other products against which the customer can compare the organizations products or services. 1.3 Customer Satisfaction Based on Perceived service quality of e-commerce systems The overall satisfaction of e-commerce customers can be attained by providing the level of service quality that customers perceive in that system. The five dimensions of service quality are tangibility, reliability, responsiveness, assurance and empathy. The website structure of an e-commerce websites is all about the tangibility dimension. The reliability dimension in this study is measured by the attribute called website adequacy. The website response variable indicates the responsiveness dimension. Website security as another attribute of an e-commerce system refers to the assurance dimension and the empathy dimension described by the website customization The overall customer satisfaction is based on the five service quality dimensions representing various service attributes: tangibility, reliability, assurance, responsiveness and empathy. The detailed model used in this study is presented in figure A. The website design elements are characterized into five different types which are supposed to influence the five service quality dimensions. This study hypothesizes that some website attributes that are based on service quality dimensions has an impact on an online customer satisfaction. In other words, customers satisfaction level will increase if the e-commerce system provides a higher level of service quality through different website attributes. 1.4 Increased trend of Online surfing and shopping in Pakistan The trend of an online surfing is increasing rapidly due to the increased benefits by the use of e-commerce business environment. People visit e-commerce web sites not only for buying but for several other reasons and the smart retailer just should not only focus on boosting online browse-to-buy conversion rates, but should also try to grab the attention of an online visitors who came in for review so as they could become a customer later. Many people feel it comfortable to review the products through an extensive knowledge provided over the internet before actually buying a particular product. For this purpose, e-commerce website provides an interface to the buyers to write their reviews and share their after-purchase experiences. Thus, the e-commerce systems reduce the time and efforts required for the first step of information search in consumer decision making process. That is, by just few clicks a consumer can have a concise analysis for what matches his/her needs. There are some factors emerged as a results of the changes in lifestyle and habits of consumer which has promoted the trend of online searching and shopping in Pakistan. Some of these factors are lack of time, need of convenience and easy access to the desired object. Moreover, e-commerce websites facilitates the visitor in many ways to boost up online browse-to-buy conversion rate. Whenever a new customer lands on an e-commerce website, he/she must be having many questions in their minds regarding the products and services. A well-framed ecommerce site has an enquiry page for their customers. This gives the chance to the visitor to post an enquiry with your site. Main aim of this page is to gather all relevant and necessary information from the customers so that they can be given response in an apt manner. Within the past decade, e-commerce has matured and grown exponentially. The result: now there are many types of e-commerce payment methods available online. If your credit is bad and you cannot afford a merchant account, there are alternative methods of payments on e-commerce websites which can help you. The e-commerce systems give customers controlled access to the data they need. In other words, not only are you managing your relationship with your customers, you are giving your customers the tools to manage their relationship with you. THESIS STRUCTURE This thesis consists of five chapters. Chapter 1 discusses the problem about which the research was carried out and in general about the trends of online shopping in Pakistan. Chapter 2 is about the literature review and the theoretical background is developed. In Chapter 3, researcher describes the methodology adopted including sources of information and data collection procedure is discussed. In chapter 4, the empirical data collected through questionnaire is analyzed and results are concluded on the basis of a survey. In Chapter 5, Conclusions are drawn and necessary recommendations are suggested. 1.5 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Effects of website attributes on customer satisfaction in e-commerce. The main purpose of this research is to find out the different attributes which encourage consumers to visit, search and shop on a particular website. 1.6 OBJECTIVE The purposes of this study are as follows: To identify the most important website element of e-commerce with respect to the customer satisfaction. To examine what is important to the customer regarding website attributes in e-commerce with perspective of website builders. 1.6.1 Possible Research Findings The research will also provide the following significances. Help the organization to better understand what customers expect in e-commerce and how those expectations impact customer attitude. The study will examine what the customer views as major attributes of website in e-commerce. Able to investigate the major customer attitudes associated with website structure in e-commerce. The study will indicate the link between the website attributes and the customer attitudes. 1.7 HYPOTHESES H1: Website structure has a significant association with customer satisfaction. H2: Website adequacy has a significant association with customer satisfaction. H3: Website security has a significant association with customer satisfaction. H4: Website response has a significant association with customer satisfaction. H5: Website customization has a significant association with customer satisfaction. SECTION 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction to e-commerce: The propagation of WWW has originated few facts in our daily lives, one of which is e-commerce. A transaction between two or more participants through an electronic medium is defines as e-commerce (Kalacota and Whinston 1997). As an e-commerce is rapidly raising field, therefore for accomplishing success in this market, a top quality information system is necessary (Margherio et al. 1998). An e-commerce system is designed by selectively integrating many technical (e.g. search system) or managerial (e.g. the level of information related to product) design elements (Lohse and Spiller 1998). It is still very difficult, if not impossible; to make use of all the design factors presently available for the e-commerce system although many design factors have been suggested to improve the overall quality of e-commerce system (Selz and Schubert 1997, Lohse and Spiller 1998). This is because of the recent arrival of new design factors resulted by an increase in the interest of Internet (Selz and Schubert 1997). The main goal of this paper is to explore important design elements that have significant influence on the customer satisfaction regarding the performance of e-commerce systems. In this paper, the study presents a conceptual model of e-commerce websites that includes concrete design elements, perceived level of website quality and the customer satisfaction (JINWOO KIM and JUNGWON LEE 2002). There is remarkable potential for e-commerce in developing countries. Online shopping makes it easy to find things, merchants and best offerings and thus economical in terms of time and effort offerings (Balasubramanian, 1997). According to the Malone et al (1989) communicating a same piece of information through communication networks results in decreased cost and improved speed. There is tremendous potential for e-commerce in developing countries because the use of an e-commerce can potentially reduce transaction costs. As per Malone et al (1989) observation, the search costs such as cost of identifying a market (from where to buy a product) and /or a product or service are likely to reduce with the use of e-commerce systems and can be defined as potential e-commerce cost savings. From an organizations perspective, e-commerce systems provide the organization with the better market reach and an ability to provide their customer a customized service that suits their individual needs and preferences. For example the exchange between richness and reach can be minimized by e-commerce (Evans Wurster, 2000). Richness refers to the quality and quantity of information in terms of accuracy, relevance, customization, etc. and reach measures the number of people who can be got in touch with that information. 2.2 Service quality dimensions: The overall customer satisfaction can be measured by the level of service quality of an e-commerce system that customer perceives. Some researchers (Parasuraman, Zeithaml and Berry 1988) stated that consumer satisfaction or dissatisfaction is as an ancestor of service quality. Conversely, modern evidence recommends that it is an outcome of service quality (Woodside, Frey and Daly 1989; Cronin and Taylor 1992). Service quality attributes are the most important factors for the success of an e-commerce systems For example Liu and Arnett (2000) found that organizations that involve in e-commerce can only ensure the success of their system by keenly looking for the ways to improve their service quality. The customers decision whether to continue using a particular e-commerce system is based on the perceived quality of service (Bhattacherjee 2001) as the service quality impacts the overall satisfaction of a customer. Tangibility, reliability, responsiveness, assurance and empathy are the five dimensions of service quality. (Parasuraman et al. 1985, 1991, Pit et al. 1995). The tool that is being used in this study to measure the dimensions of service quality is SERVQUAL According to Brown et al. this instrument has been proved valid and reliable and hence used in various domains. (Brown et al.1993, Fisk et al. 1993, Parasuraman et al. 1985, 1993). On the basis of previous researches, service quality despite being a main interesting field in services marketing for the past two decades (Zeithaml et al., 2000); electronic service quality is still in its early stages in research area. Reil el al in 2001concluded that there has been no theoretical conceptualization emerged for customer evaluation of electronic services that could have been accepted generally. Cox and Dale (2001) has supported this conception by the fact that most out of the dominant research on service quality cannot even be valid to e-business environment. By the year 2002, the existing studies on the determinants of electronic service quality were based on measuring B2C interactions (Gilbert, 2000; Barnes and Vidgens 2000, 2001 and 2002) and few exploratory researches on website quality and e-service quality by Zeithaml et al. In early stages of service quality research, researcher were required to find out what is service quality from customers perspective (Sasser et al.,1979; Lehtinen and Lehtinen,1982; Gronroos,1982). It was normally approved that the judgment of service quality came from comparisons between what customers feel a service provider should offer (expectations) and the actual service performance of the company (perceptions) (Zeithaml et al., 2000). This view was reinforced by Parasuraman Zeithaml (2000) and Berry (1985) in their study of service quality in different service industries with which they discussed the concept of service quality as a function of expectations-perception gap. Parasuraman et als, identified the 10 dimensions that customer uses in their assessment of service quality. These 10 service quality dimensions then shaped the source for the development of a scale (SERVQUAL) to measure service quality in direct service interactions. Research extended in other context and as a result refined the scale and reduced it to 5 dimensions (reliability, responsiveness, assurance, empathy and tangibles) Since the SERVQUAL scale has been widely used to measure service quality in many studies across a range of settings (IS Departments; Airlines; Universities; Ocean Freight Shipping; Professional Services; Health Providers; International Markets; Purchasing; Advertising; Banking; E-commerce). Initially the concept of services were created to capture the nature of service encounters (Meuter et al., 2000) which may not be sufficient to capture the characteristics of customer interactions with self-service technologies such as e-services (Dabholkar et al.,1996). Later on, many approaches have been proposed to study online service. (Gilbert, 2000; Gronroos et al., 2000; Parasuraman and Grewel, 2000; Kaynama and Black, 2000; Zeithaml, et al., 2000; ONeill, et al., 2001) proposed the use of existing service theory as a first type. The second type utilizes generated new categories for self-service technologies such as e-services (Szymanski and Hise, 2000; van Riel, et al., 2001; Wang and Tang, 2001; Ruyter et al., 2001). Third type develops information systems and web quality theory (Barnes and Vidgen, 2000; 2001; 2002; Aladwani and Palvia, 2001). These researches have centered on customer interactions with a variety of self-service technologies such as automated call centre technology, ATMs and Web sites and touch screen technologies. A redefined SERVQUAL instrument to measure the service expectations and perceptions of customers of Internet businesses was used by Gilbert in 2000 in which he concluded that to measure online service quality, the altered SERVQUAL scale was a practical instrument. The features that are useful, accurate, relevant and comprehensive information reflect the reliability of quality information (Bailey and Pearson 1983). Bailey and Pearson (1983) also identified that website reliability depends on to what level the information provided on the website about the product or service is true, precise and also depend to what level a customer can rely on a particular website that it provides enough amount of information available regarding each product. (Luedi 1997) stated that website personalization based on the ability of website to deliver individualized interface for a specific user which generated dynamically as per users needs. This may involve making purchase recommendations and /or providing the list of other relevant products that matchs the customer needs. This can be extracted through the previous data available regarding an individual user such as buying behavior, cart items and the current session contents. Providing customized services is the best way to create a loyal customer and make repeat visits on a website Luedi (1997). The concern over security continues to plague the online world. Variables like perceived security, reputation were included in this study to examine the customer attitude towards buying process. Even though the understanding of credit card transactions perceived secure like a waiters and waitresses, still security is the top concern of people who shop online (Salisbury et at. 2001, Luo 2002. Wilson and Abel 2002). Likewise security is the reason why people do not shop online (Luo 2002). The research variable of Security reflects trust in the online system and the variable reputation reflects trust in the specific vendor. Discovering whether vendors receive repeat business reflects the overall buying attitude of consumers. Overall customer satisfaction at online shopping measures which attributes helps the website meets expectations. 2.3 Website elements: The first phase of consumer decision making process that is the information search starts the minute customers look at the interface of e-commerce website and ends until they decide whether to place the purchase order or not (Schmid 1995). The role of website structure remains important during the phase of information search process such as site maps, navigation, content settings and layout of website etc. The content, structure and website elements should be portrayed explicitly on the e-commerce interface. Website structure that includes the presentation of design elements determines how the information is actually displayed on the screen to acquire the customer attention (Morris and Hinrich 1996). Convenient website structure defined as to what extent a customer feels that the e-commerce website is user friendly, simple and instinctive. (Ki-Han and Shin, 2008) Website adequacy describes the quality and quantity of the information provided in the e-commerce system. Content based on usefulness and comprehensiveness involves the type and scope of information to be included in the system (Morris and Hinrich 1996, Kim et al 1997). After the collection of appropriate information regarding the identified products or services, the contents must be placed in a well organized manner so that the customer can understand the interface easily (Gronroos 1982, Rosenfeld and Morville 1998). A well-defined and properly placed content is a feature of website which indicates the ability to made information easily available to visitors (Ki-Han and Shin, 2008). When adequate and reliable information has been properly dispersed across different web pages within the structure of the e-commerce website, an efficient interaction system must be provided to enable the customer to switch between different pages easily (Kim and Yoo 2000, Park and Kim 2000). Ballantine (2005) has found the impact of interactivity and product related information on customer satisfaction in an online trade setting. He argued in his study that the amount of product-related information affected consumer satisfaction of online shopping. An important design element that relates to the interaction system includes the involvement of website response and website customization ability. Website Customization is referred as the extent to which an e-commerce website can identify a customer and then modify the choice of products and shopping experience for that customer (Srinivasan et al., 2002). Cook and Coupey (2001) in their research argued that the improved accessibility of information on internet is likely to result in informed customers. And educated customers are able to make better quality decisions and will then experience more satisfaction with the visits and purchases they make. The connection between all of the five individual variables describes the basic architecture of web pages (Steinmetz and Nahrsted, 1995). The overall satisfaction of e-commerce customers can be attained by providing the level of service quality that customers perceive in that system. Satisfied customers have more potential to spread positive word-of-mouth (Gremler and Brown, 1999), and they avail further services (Zeithaml et al., 1996). The five dimensions of service quality are tangibility, reliability, responsiveness, assurance and empathy (Parasuraman et al. 1985, 1991, Pit et al. 1995). Attributes related to the website structure such as physical appearance of e-commerce websites are represented by tangibility dimension. For example, the tangibility measures the appeal of the website design of e-commerce system presents to their customers. The ability of the website to provide the dependable, accurate service is represented by reliability dimension. (Pit et al. 1995). For example, the reliability dimension measures how often an e-commerce system provides useful and comprehensive information regarding the relevant products or services. The responsiveness dimension indicates how prepared the website is to promptly response the customer with the clicked option. (Parasuraman et al. 1991). For example, the responsiveness dimension measures how often an ecommerce system voluntarily provides services that are important to its customers such as less loading time. Or it can be measured by how often a website provides accurate and rich information after a user clicked a particular product. The trust and confidence encouraged in the customer by the information provided on e-commerce system refers to the assurance dimension (Parasuraman et al. 1991). For example, the assurance dimension can be measured by extent to which a website is able to give a secure feeling to an online buyer. The empathy dimension described as the individual attention to the customer that is being provided by the dynamic e-commerce website (Pit et al. 1995). For example this dimension measures how often an ecommerce system voluntarily offers recommendations that match to its customers needs in order to provide the individual customers benefit. In summary, the overall quality of an e-commerce system can be measured by the service quality level perceived by its customers and ultimately leads to the customer satisfaction (JINWOO KIM and JUNGWON LEE, 2002). Parasuraman, Zeithaml et al. (1988, 1991) in study on SERVQUAL found that the interactive elements of e-commerce systems are e-business features that help in building relationships with customer and are fall into five main sets that are tangibles, reliability, assurance, responsiveness and empathy. Due to the consistency of research findings stated in literature, it become easy to propose that the five main determinants of e-commerce include website structure, website adequacy, website security, website response and website customization (D. HORN, R. FEINBERG and G. SALVENDY, 2005). In an e-business structure, the customer interaction with the business is through the e-commerce website. Therefore, several original SERVQUAL items were modified to focus on e-commerce website. The definition of an empathy dimension was extended to include personalization or customization, which is the concept of web gurus as they believe the emotional connection between customer and web business (Peppers et al. 1999). The overall appearance and structure of e-commerce website shows its tangibility. The performance of promised services and adequacy of information explains the reliability of an e-commerce website. Responsiveness is the ability of e-commerce system to help and provide prompt response to the website user. The individualized attention and customized service provided by the e-commerce system to an individual customer is described as empathy. Security is the trust on an e-commerce system in protecting personal and financial information (D. HORN, R. FEINBERG and G. SALVENDY, 2005). The major factors that impact the customer attitude are the five main attributes of e-commerce system. The model in Figure 1 describes how these attributes of e-commerce system work together to achieve customer satisfaction. The satisfaction/dissatisfaction of customer is defined as an emotional response to a specific consumption experience (Swan and Oliver 1989). It is determined by to what extent a consumer perceives that the service fulfills his/her needs, wants or desires. Satisfaction is a state inconsistent in that a consumer can be very dissatisfied or very satisfied (Tse, Nicosia and Wilton 1990). SECTION 3: METHODOLOGY 3.1 Survey: 3.1.1 SOURCES OF DATA COLLECTION: According to experts, the best approach and way of building an e-commerce site is by using services of website development providers. A professional team of web developers would take care and work for your ecommerce designing project and give regular feedback about the proceedings therefore for conducting this research, professionals from web development area was selected from five different firms. A survey was conducted by going to the software organizations that are involved in business of web development. Out of the five selected firms, few were chosen from the list of organizations registered on PASHA website and few were preferred on the authentic source of information about the adequate web development experience of these firms. The respondents were web developers, web architects and project managers, 3.1.2 QUESTIONNAIRE The instrument comprised of 24 structured questions was used to collect data (primary) from the targeted respondents. Majority of the questions were anchored using a 5 point Likert scale where 1 means Strongly Disagree and 5 means Strongly Agree and some used a rating scale as 1-for Low impact, 5- for High impact Customer satisfaction items from five SERQUAL dimensions: tangibility, reliability, assurance, responsiveness and empathy are included in this instrument. 3.2 Sample: There are total 1082 IT firms in Pakistan which are doing web development activities as part of their businesses. Out of which 384 are in Karachi. These statistics has been collected from the website of PASHA. On the basis of above information, five companies were selected as a sample in this study, and around ten respondents from each company were requested to fill up the survey form. As a result, total 60 responses were collected, which were divided in gender distribution. Males accounted for 83% of the respondents, and 17% were females. Besides the web development experience, all of the respondents have reasonable web browsing and online buying experience. The majority of the respondents used to purchase items on the web. Of the 60 completed subjects, two interviews were disregarded because of missing responses. Thus, the study used data from the remaining 58 subjects (96.6% of the original sample). This is actually a multi-cluster sampling technique that was adopted as selecting five companies as five clusters and then ten to fifteen respondents from each company. 3.3 METHOD: Analysis and testing of the hypothesis in this research is done on Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS Statistics 17.0) throughout. Before going into the process of actual testing of hypothesis, it was required to check the reliability of data that has been collected to draw the results. In reliability test, we check the internal consistency of a set of variables in what it is intended to measure. In this study, a principle of testing is based on the measurement of Cronbach Alpha. The high value of the Cronbach alpha coefficients in Table 1 indicates that the website attributes measures are reliable enough to proceed to further analysis. Table 1: Test of Reliability Reliability Statistics Cronbachs Alpha N of Items .700 24 There are several attributes defining each independent variable in a questionnaire. Each independent variable was measured by computing an average of all attributes related to the particular variable and thus resulting in five new computed independent variables. Similarly, the dependent variable satisfaction was also computed by an average of all customer satisfaction attributes in a data set. The second step was to apply the log on these five independent variables which resulted in a set of again five new variables that behaved as final independent variables to be used in a regression model. This step was required to ensure the linearity of independent variables. Same was done with the dependent variable. Since all of the hypotheses are related to association questions, therefore further analysis is done be the use of Linear Regression statistical technique. Using stepwise regression, the study was further investigated by examining the Multiple Regression Model between the dependent variable that is the customer satisfaction termed as satisfaction in testing process and the five independent variables termed as webStructure, webAdequacy, webSecurity, webResponse and webCustomization. SECTION 4: DATA ANALYSIS 4.1 ResultS: Table 2: Test of Regression Variables Entered/Removeda Model Variables Entered Variables Removed Method 1 webResponse . Stepwise (Criteria: F-to-enter = 3.840, F-to-remove = 2.710). 2 webCustomization . Stepwise (Criteria: F-to-enter = 3.840, F-to-remove = 2.710). a. Dependent Variable: satisfaction Only two variable webResponse and webCustomization out of five independent variables are added to the model as a result of stepwise linear regression test. In step-1, webResponse and in step-2 webCustomization was added as shown in Table 2. Table 3: Test of Regression Model Summary Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate Change Statistics R Square Change F Change df1 df2 Sig. F Change 1 .513a .263 .249 .13556 .263 19.949 1 56 .000 2 .560b .314 .289 .13197 .051 4.094 1 55 .048 a. Predictors: (Constant), webResponse b. Predictors: (Constant), webResponse, webCustomization In general, the value of R can range from -1 to +1 with +1 indicating perfect positive relationship, 0 indicating no relationship and -1 indicating perfect reverse relationship. Therefore, as per the values of R in Table 3, both selected variables shows positive relationship with satisfaction. Moreover, according to the Table 3, values are R=0.513 and R=0.560 for webResponse and webCustomization respectively. Keeping in mind the highest value of R, this relationship is neither weak nor quite strong. From the values of R square in Table 3, the combined variance explained by both variables is 31.4% out of which 26.3% variance of satisfaction is explained individually by webResponse and only 5.1% variance in satisfaction explained by webCustomization. Rest of the 68.6% unknown variance is due to other factors. This is a very less percentage of explained variance so the model is not a very good model. Table 4: Test of Regression Coefficientsa Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig. Correlations Collinearity Statistics B Std. Error Beta Zero-order Partial Part Tolerance VIF 1 (Constant) .511 .172 2.973 .004 webResponse .575 .129 .513 4.466 .000 .513 .513 .513 1.000 1.000 2 (Constant) .441 .171 2.578 .013 webResponse .461 .137 .411 3.359 .001 .513 .413 .375 .833 1.201 webCustomization .180 .089 .248 2.023 .048 .416 .263 .226 .833 1.201 a. Dependent Variable: satisfaction The following regression model is derived from Table 4: Satisfaction = -0.441 + 0.461 webResponse + 0.180 webCustomization The Tolerance shown is 0.833 in Table 4 which is quite close to 1 which indicates minimal collinearity among independent variables. This means that the selected two independent variables are not highly correlated with each other which is generally considered as a positive sign for a good model, though the model is not very strong in terms of the variance explained by independent variables. Table 5: Test of Regression Excluded Variablesc Model Beta In t Sig. Partial Correlation Collinearity Statistics Tolerance VIF Minimum Tolerance 1 webStructure .056a .472 .639 .063 .963 1.039 .963 webAdequacy .081a .688 .494 .092 .951 1.051 .951 webSecurity .176a 1.548 .127 .204 .999 1.001 .999 webCustomization .248a 2.023 .048 .263 .833 1.201 .833 2 webStructure .024b .203 .840 .028 .944 1.060 .816 webAdequacy .074b .638 .526 .087 .950 1.052 .803 webSecurity .141b 1.246 .218 .167 .969 1.032 .808 a. Predictors in the Model: (Constant), webResponse b. Predictors in the Model: (Constant), webResponse, webCustomization c. Dependent Variable: satisfaction The step 2 results indicate the final rejected variables in Table 5 which shows that two variables are selected and 3 are rejected. The key to accept and reject the hypotheses is the value of significance. If sig. value is less than 0.05 we reject H0 and accept the hypothesis otherwise we accept Ho. On the basis of Sig. values belong to each of the three variables shown in step 2 of Table 5; three hypotheses (H1, H2 and H3) have been rejected while two hypotheses (H4 and H5) stand not accepted. SECTION 5: CONCLUSION 5.1 DISCUSSION: After visiting five web development companies in Karachi and getting 60 questionnaires filled to determine the important website elements of e-commerce that influence customer to visit and shop from e-commerce websites. For this research work, many of the website attributes were taken based on five SERQUAL dimensions. These attributes were re-labeled to more comprehensively cater for the uniqueness of e-commerce websites. Then, the information about all these variables was collected through a questionnaire, which consists of structured questions using a 5 point Likert scale. Based on the Cronbach Alphas value 0.700 in Table 1, the date set has been considered reliable for the further testing an processing. Then the Multiple Regression Model was applied on the data set to check the significance level of all the selected variables, it was found that two variables webResponse and webCustomization has a significant association with customer satisfaction. Hypotheses have been tested on the basis of Table 5 which shows that two variables are selected and 3 are rejected. Therefore two hypotheses (H4 and H5) stand out accepted while three hypotheses (H1, H2 and H3) have been rejected. The result of study shows the weak relationship among the selected hypotheses as well. The value of R square can vary between 0 and 1. Higher value of R square implies the greater explanatory power and better predict the dependent variable. The value of R square for both independent variables in Table 3 implies positive but weak association. Finally, the results of the study have shown a positive response from customers in terms of satisfaction only with the responsiveness and empathy dimensions of service quality. During the study, it was found that respondents believed that the other three website attributes are not appealing with the perspective of customer satisfaction. Although these attributes are important service quality dimensions which leads to the customers satisfaction and are essential part of e-commerce websites. Therefore, it can be stated that a large sample of data might have drawn some other results. 5.2 implications: The identification of major website attributes in e-commerce provides a solid structure to guide further e-commerce research. By understanding that customers view website response and website customization as two main components of website in e-commerce systems, researchers as well as website builders are better able to develop e-commerce websites. The connection between these relationship attributes of e-commerce and customer satisfaction that was shown in this study implies the importance of including relational type characteristics in customer-e-commerce interaction research. A major contribution of this research is that it defines areas on which web development professionals need to focus in design and development of an e-commerce system in order to get their customers satisfied with the service quality of the system and develop more successful e-commerce systems. Insight to what the customer expects from an interaction with an e-commerce website assist designer/developers/architects to better understand how to facilitate customer relationships through the development of proficient e-commerce website. By developing features to meet and exceed customer expectations, the e-commerce enhances both customer satisfaction and customer relationships. 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